Observing long-term changes in rice phenology using NOAA–AVHRR and DMSP–SSM/I satellite sensor measurements in Punjab, India
نویسندگان
چکیده
The paper reports a unique observation from remote sensing records that the temporal rice growth pattern in terms of time of emergence and peak vegetation stage has been advanced by 3–4 weeks in Punjab, India from 1981 to 2000. Analysis was carried out using multi-temporal remote sensing data from the optical sensors such as Advanced High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) and the passive microwave sensors such as Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) onboard NOAA and DMSP series of satellites respectively. The rice growth characteristics were quantified by Badhwar and Gaussian model fitting on seasonal Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) covering the monsoon period (kharif season) for six years. The observed time of peak vegetation stage of rice estimated from the average growth profile of years 1981–82 was 4 September, which advanced to 8 August in years 1999–2000. This change in phenology was further confirmed using Basist Wetness Index (BWI) data derived using multi frequency approach. The BWI data representing surface moisture/water fraction were found to reach maximum in the middle of July in 1988, compared to middle of June in 1998. Temporal trends in mean BWI of Punjab during May–June also indicate a shift in crop growth profile and gradual increase in area flooded with water for rice transplanting with time.
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